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<article id="content">
<header>
<h1 class="title">Module <code>openscad_py.path_tube</code></h1>
</header>
<section id="section-intro">
</section>
<section>
</section>
<section>
</section>
<section>
</section>
<section>
<h2 class="section-title" id="header-classes">Classes</h2>
<dl>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube"><code class="flex name class">
<span>class <span class="ident">PathTube</span></span>
<span>(</span><span>points: List[list | <a title="openscad_py.point.Point" href="point.html#openscad_py.point.Point">Point</a>],<br>radius: float | list,<br>fn: int,<br>make_torus: bool = False,<br>convexity: int = 10)</span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<div class="desc"><p>Creates a tube-like or toroid polyhedron from a path (list of points).</p>
<p>points: The list of points
radius: A float or a list of floats for each point
fn: int, The number of sides
make_torus: bool, Whether to make a torus instead of a pipe with ends. Warning: the last segment may be twisted.
convexity: see openscad</p></div>
<details class="source">
<summary>
<span>Expand source code</span>
</summary>
<pre><code class="python">class PathTube(Object):
&#34;&#34;&#34;Creates a tube-like or toroid polyhedron from a path (list of points).&#34;&#34;&#34;
def __init__(self, points: List[TUnion[list, Point]], radius: TUnion[float, list], fn: int, make_torus: bool = False, convexity: int = 10):
&#34;&#34;&#34;
points: The list of points
radius: A float or a list of floats for each point
fn: int, The number of sides
make_torus: bool, Whether to make a torus instead of a pipe with ends. Warning: the last segment may be twisted.
convexity: see openscad
&#34;&#34;&#34;
self.points = [Point.c(p) for p in points]
self.radii = radius if isinstance(radius, list) else [radius for p in points]
self.fn = fn
self.make_torus = make_torus
self.convexity = convexity
def process(self, debug: bool = False) -&gt; Polyhedron:
&#34;&#34;&#34;Generate a Polyhedron object from the parameters&#34;&#34;&#34;
points_rows = []
for ix, point in enumerate(self.points):
if debug: print(f&#34;//LOOP {ix}: {point.render()}&#34;)
if (not self.make_torus) and ix == 0:
# Start of the path
v = self.points[1].sub(point) # vector toward the first point
z_point = Point([0,0,1])
seam = v.cross(z_point) # Track a seam along the pipe using this vector pointing from the middle line
if seam.length() == 0: # v is in the z direction
seam = Point([1,0,0])
seam = seam.norm()
seam2 = v.cross(seam).norm()
if debug: print(f&#34;//Start. v={v.render()} seam={seam.render()} seam2={seam2.render()}&#34;)
points = []
for i in range(self.fn):
a = math.pi*2*i/self.fn
points.append((seam*math.cos(a) + seam2*math.sin(a))*self.radii[ix] + point)
points_rows.append(points)
if debug: print(f&#34;// Row: {&#39;, &#39;.join([p.render() for p in points])}&#34;)
elif (not self.make_torus) and ix == len(self.points) - 1:
# End of the path
v = point.sub(self.points[-2])
seam2 = v.cross(seam).norm()
if debug: print(f&#34;//End. v={v.render()} seam={seam.render()} seam2={seam2.render()}&#34;)
points = []
for i in range(self.fn):
a = math.pi*2*i/self.fn
points.append((seam*math.cos(a) + seam2*math.sin(a))*self.radii[ix] + point)
points_rows.append(points)
if debug: print(f&#34;// Row: {&#39;, &#39;.join([p.render() for p in points])}&#34;)
else:
# Middle of the path
iprev = ix - 1 if ix &gt; 0 else len(self.points) - 1
inext = ix + 1 if ix &lt; len(self.points) - 1 else 0
# (p[-1]) -va-&gt; (p[0]) -vb-&gt; (p[1])
va = point.sub(self.points[iprev]).norm() # vector incoming to this elbow
vb = self.points[inext].sub(point).norm() # vector going out from this elbow
if debug: print(f&#34;//Middle. va={va.render()} vb={vb.render()}&#34;)
# Get the vector perpendicular to va that points to the inside of the cylinder around va according
# to the elbow at p[0]. This is the component of vb in a basis defined by va.
vdot = va.dot(vb)
vb_proj = va.scale(vdot) # The projection of vb onto va
vb_perp = vb.sub(vb_proj) # This is perpendicular to va
if debug: print(f&#34;// vb_proj={vb_proj.render()} vb_perp={vb_perp.render()}&#34;)
va_inner = vb_perp.norm()
va_proj = vb.scale(vdot)
va_perp = va.sub(va_proj)
if debug: print(f&#34;// va_proj={va_proj.render()} va_perp={va_perp.render()}&#34;)
vb_inner = va_perp.scale(-1).norm() # Here we want to project -va onto vb
if debug: print(f&#34;// va_inner={va_inner.render()} vb_inner={vb_inner.render()}&#34;)
if ix == 0:
# We just choose a seam when making a torus
seam_angle = 0
else:
# The new seam on vb (seam_b) has the same angle to vb_inner as it had on va to va_inner
seam_angle = seam.angle(va_inner, mode=&#34;rad&#34;)
# need to figure out the sign of the angle
if seam_angle != 0:
if va_inner.cross(seam).dot(va) &lt; 0:
seam_angle = -seam_angle
vb_inner2 = vb.cross(vb_inner).norm()
seam_b = vb_inner*math.cos(seam_angle) + vb_inner2*math.sin(seam_angle)
if debug:
if ix == 0:
print(f&#34;// seam=N/A seam_b={seam_b.render()}&#34;)
else:
print(f&#34;// seam={seam.render()} seam_b={seam_b.render()}&#34;)
vangle = va.scale(-1).angle(vb, mode=&#34;rad&#34;)
long_inner = (vb-va).norm().scale(1/math.sin(vangle/2))
# long_inner is the long axis of the elliptic intersection between the cylinders around va and vb
short = va.cross(long_inner).norm() # the short axis of the ellipse
if debug: print(f&#34;// long_inner={long_inner.render()} short={short.render()} vangle={vangle/math.pi*180}(deg) seam_angle={seam_angle/math.pi*180}(deg)&#34;)
points = []
for i in range(self.fn):
# We draw the ellipse according to long_inner and short, but use seam_angle to get the right points
a = math.pi*2*i/self.fn + seam_angle
points.append((long_inner*math.cos(a) + short*math.sin(a))*self.radii[ix] + point)
points_rows.append(points)
if debug: print(f&#34;// Row: {&#39;, &#39;.join([p.render() for p in points])}&#34;)
seam = seam_b
return Polyhedron.tube(points=points_rows, convexity=self.convexity, make_torus=self.make_torus)
def render(self) -&gt; str:
&#34;&#34;&#34;Render the object into OpenSCAD code&#34;&#34;&#34;
return self.process().render()</code></pre>
</details>
<h3>Ancestors</h3>
<ul class="hlist">
<li><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Methods</h3>
<dl>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.color"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">color</span></span>(<span>self, r, g, b, a=1.0) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.color" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.color">color</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply a color and return a new object.
See <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#color">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#color</a></p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.delta_offset"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">delta_offset</span></span>(<span>self, delta, chamfer=False)</span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.delta_offset" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.delta_offset">delta_offset</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Return a new 2D interior or exterior outline from an existing outline.
See <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#offset">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#offset</a></p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.diff"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">diff</span></span>(<span>self,<br>tool: list | ForwardRef('<a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a>')) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.diff" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.diff">diff</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Remove from the object using a difference operator, and return a new object.
See …</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.extrude"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">extrude</span></span>(<span>self, height, convexity=10, center: bool = False) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.extrude" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.extrude">extrude</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply a linear extrusion and return a new object.
If <code>center</code> is false, the linear extrusion Z range is from 0 to height;
if it is true, the range is …</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.intersection"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">intersection</span></span>(<span>self,<br>objects: list | ForwardRef('<a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a>')) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.intersection" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.intersection">intersection</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Get the intersection of self and an object of list of objects, and return a new object.
See …</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.move"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">move</span></span>(<span>self,<br>v: list | <a title="openscad_py.point.Point" href="point.html#openscad_py.point.Point">Point</a>) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.move" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.move">move</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply a translation and return a new object. Synonym of <code>translate()</code></p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.process"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">process</span></span>(<span>self, debug: bool = False) > <a title="openscad_py.polyhedron.Polyhedron" href="polyhedron.html#openscad_py.polyhedron.Polyhedron">Polyhedron</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<div class="desc"><p>Generate a Polyhedron object from the parameters</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.radial_offset"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">radial_offset</span></span>(<span>self, r)</span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.radial_offset" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.radial_offset">radial_offset</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Return a new 2D interior or exterior outline from an existing outline.
See <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#offset">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#offset</a></p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.render"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">render</span></span>(<span>self) > str</span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.render" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.render">render</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Render the object into OpenSCAD code</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.rotate"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">rotate</span></span>(<span>self,<br>a,<br>v: list | <a title="openscad_py.point.Point" href="point.html#openscad_py.point.Point">Point</a>) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.rotate" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.rotate">rotate</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply a rotation and return a new object.
See <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#rotate">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#rotate</a></p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.rotate_extrude"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">rotate_extrude</span></span>(<span>self, angle, convexity=10) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.rotate_extrude" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.rotate_extrude">rotate_extrude</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply a rotational extrusion and return a new object. For all points x &gt;= 0 must be true.
See …</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.scale"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">scale</span></span>(<span>self,<br>v: list | <a title="openscad_py.point.Point" href="point.html#openscad_py.point.Point">Point</a> | float) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.scale" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.scale">scale</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply scaling and return a new object. Accepts a vector (a Point object or a list of floats)
or a single float for uniform scaling.
See …</p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.translate"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">translate</span></span>(<span>self,<br>v: list | <a title="openscad_py.point.Point" href="point.html#openscad_py.point.Point">Point</a>) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.translate" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.translate">translate</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Apply a translation and return a new object.
See <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#translate">https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Transformations#translate</a></p></div>
</dd>
<dt id="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.union"><code class="name flex">
<span>def <span class="ident">union</span></span>(<span>self,<br>objects: list | ForwardRef('<a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a>')) > <a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></span>
</code></dt>
<dd>
<p class="inheritance">
<em>Inherited from:</em>
<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object">Object</a></code>.<code><a title="openscad_py.object_.Object.union" href="object_.html#openscad_py.object_.Object.union">union</a></code>
</p>
<div class="desc inherited"><p>Form the union of self and an object or list of objects, and return a new object.
See …</p></div>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
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<li><h3>Super-module</h3>
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<li><code><a title="openscad_py" href="index.html">openscad_py</a></code></li>
</ul>
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<li><h3><a href="#header-classes">Classes</a></h3>
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<h4><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube" href="#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube">PathTube</a></code></h4>
<ul class="two-column">
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.color" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.color">color</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.delta_offset" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.delta_offset">delta_offset</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.diff" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.diff">diff</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.extrude" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.extrude">extrude</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.intersection" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.intersection">intersection</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.move" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.move">move</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.process" href="#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.process">process</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.radial_offset" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.radial_offset">radial_offset</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.render" href="#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.render">render</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.rotate" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.rotate">rotate</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.rotate_extrude" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.rotate_extrude">rotate_extrude</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.scale" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.scale">scale</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.translate" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.translate">translate</a></code></li>
<li><code><a title="openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.union" href="object_.html#openscad_py.path_tube.PathTube.union">union</a></code></li>
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