Revert "all: Use ->remove() instead of ->outertext = ''"

This reverts commit 052844f5e1.

There is a bug in ->remove() that causes the parser to incorrectly
identify elements in the DOM tree that shouldn't exist anymore.

References #1151

bridges/PikabuBridge.php

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class PikabuBridge extends BridgeAbstract {
 
 			foreach($el_to_remove_selectors as $el_to_remove_selector) {
 				foreach($post->find($el_to_remove_selector) as $el) {
-					$el->remove();
+					$el->outertext = '';
 				}
 			}